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- <text id=93CT1832>
- <title>
- Qatar--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- Qatar
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Qatar has been inhabited for many centuries. Dominance over
- Qatar by the Khalifa family of Bahrain persisted until 1868
- when, at the request of Qatari nobles, the British negotiated
- the termination of the Bahraini claim, except for the payment of
- tribute. The tribute ended with the occupation of Qatar by
- Ottoman Turks in 1872.
- </p>
- <p> When the Ottoman Turks evacuated the peninsula at the
- beginning of World War I, the British recognized as ruler Sheikh
- Abdullah bin Jasmin Al Thani, whose family had lived in Qatar
- for 200 years.
- </p>
- <p> The treaty concluded in 1916 between the United Kingdom and
- Sheikh Abdullah was similar to those entered into by the British
- with other Gulf principalities. Under it, the ruler undertook
- not to dispose of any of his territory except to the United
- Kingdom and not to enter into relationships with any other
- foreign government without British consent. In return, the
- British promised to protect Qatar from all aggression by sea and
- to lend their good offices in case of a land attack. A 1934
- treaty granted more extensive British protection to Qatar.
- </p>
- <p> In 1935, a 75-year oil concession was granted to the Qatar
- Petroleum Company, which was Anglo-Dutch, French, and U.S.
- owned. High-quality oil was discovered in 1940 at Dukhan, on
- the western side of the peninsula. Exploitation was delayed by
- World War II, and oil exports did not begin until 1949.
- </p>
- <p> During the 1950s and 1960s, gradually increasing oil revenues
- brought prosperity, rapid immigration, substantial social
- progress, and the beginnings of modern industry.
- </p>
- <p> When the British Government announced a policy in 1968
- (reaffirmed in March 1971) of ending the treaty relationships
- with the Gulf sheikhdoms, Qatar joined the other eight states
- then under British protection (the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms--the present united Arab Emirates--and Bahrain) in a plan to
- form a union of Arab emirates. By mid-1971, however, the nine
- sheikdoms still had not agreed on terms of union, and the
- termination date (end of 1971) of the British treaty
- relationship was approaching. Accordingly, Qatar sought
- independence as a separate entity, and became fully independent
- on September 3, 1971, as the State of Qatar.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The head of state is the amir, and the right to rule Qatar is
- passed on within the Al Thani, the ruling family. politically,
- Qatar is evolving from a traditional society into a modern
- welfare state. Government departments have been established to
- meet the requirements of social and economic progress.
- </p>
- <p> The basic law of 1970 institutionalized local customs rooted
- in Qatar's conservative Wahabi heritage, granting the amir
- preeminent power. The amir's role is influenced by continuing
- traditions of consultations, rule by consensus, and the
- citizen's right to appeal personally to the Amir. The Amir,
- while directly accountable to no one, cannot violate the
- Shari'a (Islamic law) and, in practice, must consider the
- opinions of leading notables and the religious establishment.
- Their position was institutionalized in the Advisory Council,
- an appointed body that assists the Amir in formulating policy.
- An electoral system has not been set up. Political parties are
- banned.
- </p>
- <p> The influx of expatriate Arabs has introduced ideas that call
- into question the tenets of Qatar's traditional society, but
- there has been no serious challenge to Al Thani rule.
- </p>
- <p> In February 1972, the Deputy Ruler and Prime Minister of
- Qatar, Sheikh Khalifa, deposed his cousin, Amir Ahmad, and
- assumed power. This move, supported by the key members of the Al
- Thani, took place without violence or signs of political unrest.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- November 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-